目次

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Methodology and Scope
1.1 Market Segmentation & Scope
1.1.1 Type
1.1.2 Application
1.1.3 End-use
1.1.4 Regional Scope
1.1.5 Estimates And Forecast Timeline
1.2 Research Methodology
1.3 Research Assumptions
1.4 Information Procurement
1.4.1 Purchased Database
1.4.2 Gvr’s Internal Database
1.4.3 Secondary Sources
1.4.4 Primary Research
1.4.5 Details of Primary Research
1.4.5.1 Data for primary interviews in North America
1.4.5.2 Data for Primary Interviews in Europe
1.4.5.3 Data for Primary Interviews in Asia Pacific
1.4.5.4 Data for Primary Interviews in Latin America
1.4.5.5 Data for Primary Interviews in Middle East & Africa
1.5 Information or Data Analysis
1.5.1 Market Formulation & Validation
1.5.2 Data Analysis Models
1.6 Market Formulation & Validation
1.7 Model Details
1.7.1 Commodity Flow Analysis (Model 1)
1.7.1.1 Approach 1: Commodity Flow Approach
1.7.2 Volume Price Analysis (Model 2)
1.7.2.1 Approach 2: Volume Price Analysis
1.8 List of Secondary Sources
1.9 Objectives
1.9.1 Objective 1:
1.9.2 Objective 2:
1.9.3 Market Estimation For Cardiac Biomarkers Market
1.9.4 Parent Market Outlook
1.9.5 Related/Ancillary Market Outlook

Chapter 2 Executive Summary
2.1 Market Outlook
2.2 Segment Outlook
2.3 Competitive Insights

Chapter 3 Cardiac Biomarkers Market Variables, Trends & Scope
3.1 Parent Market Analysis
3.2 Market Dynamics
3.2.1 Market Driver Analysis
3.2.1.1 High prevalence of the acute coronary syndrome
3.2.1.2 Technological advancements in cardiac biomarkers
3.2.1.3 Rising demand for Point-of-Care (POC) cardiac testing kits
3.2.1.4 High specificity of cardiac biomarkers in the discovery of cardiac diseases, especially myocardial infarction
3.2.2 Market Restraint Analysis
3.2.2.1 Decline in heart attack incidence
3.3 Cardiac Biomarkers: Market Analysis Tools
3.3.1 Industry Analysis - Porter’s
3.3.2 Cardiac Biomarkers Market- SWOT Analysis, By Factor (Political & Legal, Economic And Technological)
3.4 Penetration & Growth Prospect Mapping

Chapter 4 Cardiac Biomarkers Market: Segment Analysis, by Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
4.1 Definitions & Scope
4.2 Cardiac biomarkers market share analysis, by type, 2021 & 2030
4.3 Segment Dashboard
4.4 Global Cardiac Biomarkers Market Size & Forecasts and Trend Analysis, by Type, 2018 to 2030
4.4.1 Troponin
4.4.1.1 Troponin market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
4.4.2 CK-MB
4.4.2.1 CK-MB market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
4.4.3 Myoglobin
4.4.3.1 Myoglobin market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
4.4.4 Natriuretic Peptides (Bnp And NT-proBNP)
4.4.4.1 Natriuretic Peptides (BNP and NT-proBNP) market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
4.4.5 Others
4.4.5.1 Others market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)

Chapter 5 Cardiac Biomarkers Market: Segment Analysis, by Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
5.1 Definitions & Scope
5.2 Cardiac biomarkers market share analysis, by application, 2021 & 2030
5.3 Segment Dashboard
5.4 Global Cardiac Biomarkers Market Size & Forecasts and Trend Analysis, by Application, 2018 to 2030
5.4.1 Acute Coronary Syndrome
5.4.1.1 Acute coronary syndrome market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
5.4.2 Myocardial Infarction
5.4.2.1 Myocardial infarction market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
5.4.3 Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
5.4.3.1 Congestive heart failure market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
5.4.4 Others
5.4.4.1 Others market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)

Chapter 6 Cardiac Biomarkers Market: Segment Analysis, by End-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.1 Definitions & Scope
6.2 Cardiac biomarkers market share analysis, by end-use, 2021 & 2030
6.3 Segment Dashboard
6.4 Global Cardiac Biomarkers Market Size & Forecasts and Trend Analysis, by End-use, 2018 to 2030
6.5.1 Laboratory Testing
6.5.1.1 Laboratory testing market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.5.2 Point Of Care Testing
6.5.2.1 Point of care testing market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)

Chapter 7 Cardiac Biomarkers Market Regional Estimates & Trend Analysis, by Type, Application, End-Use
7.1 Definitions & Scope
7.2 Regional market share analysis, 2021 & 2030
7.3 Regional Market Snapshot
7.4 Regional Market Share, 2021
7.4.1 North America
7.4.2 Europe
7.4.3 Asia Pacific
7.4.4 Latin America
7.4.5 Middle East & Africa
7.5 Market Size, & Forecasts, and Trend Analysis, 2021 to 2030:
7.5.1 North America
7.5.1.1 North America market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.5.1.2 U.S.
7.5.1.2.1 U.S. cardiac biomarkers market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.5.1.3 Canada
7.5.1.3.1 Canada cardiac biomarkers market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.5.2 Europe
7.5.2.1 Europe cardiac biomarkers market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.5.2.2 U.K.
7.5.2.2.1 U.K. cardiac biomarkers market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.5.2.3 Germany
7.5.2.3.1 Germany cardiac biomarkers market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.5.2.4 Spain
7.5.2.4.1 Spain cardiac biomarkers market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.5.2.5 France
7.5.2.5.1 France cardiac biomarkers market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.5.2.6 Italy
7.5.2.6.1 Italy cardiac biomarkers market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.5.2.7 Russia
7.5.2.7.1 Russia cardiac biomarkers market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.5.3 Asia Pacific
7.5.3.1 Asia Pacific cardiac biomarkers market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.5.3.2 Japan
7.5.3.2.1 Japan cardiac biomarkers market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.5.3.3 China
7.5.3.3.1 China cardiac biomarkers market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.5.3.4 India
7.5.3.4.1 India cardiac biomarkers market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.5.3.5 South Korea
7.5.3.5.1 South Korea cardiac biomarkers market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.5.3.6 Australia
7.5.3.6.1 Australia cardiac biomarkers market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.5.3.7 Singapore
7.5.3.7.1 Singapore cardiac biomarkers market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.5.4 Latin America
7.5.4.1 Latin America cardiac biomarkers market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.5.4.2 Brazil
7.5.4.2.1 Brazil cardiac biomarkers market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.5.4.3 Mexico
7.5.4.3.1 Mexico cardiac biomarkers market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.5.4.4 Argentina
7.5.4.4.1 Argentina cardiac biomarkers market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.5.5 MEA
7.5.5.1 MEA cardiac biomarkers market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.5.5.2 South Africa
7.5.5.2.1 South Africa cardiac biomarkers market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.5.5.3 Saudi Arabia
7.5.5.3.1 Saudi Arabia cardiac biomarkers market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.5.5.4 UAE
7.5.5.4.1 UAE cardiac biomarkers market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)

Chapter 8 Cardiac Biomarkers Market Competitive Landscape
8.1 Recent Developments & Impact Analysis, by Key Market Participants
8.2 Company Categorization
8.3 Vendor Landscape
8.3.1 List Of Key Distributors And Channel Partners
8.4 Public Companies
8.4.1 Company Market Position Analysis
8.5 Emerging Companies
8.5.1 List of Key Emerging Companies
8.5.2 Company Market Position Analysis
8.6 Regional Network Map
8.7 Company Profiles
8.7.1 Abbott
8.7.1.1 Company overview
8.7.1.2 Financial performance
8.7.1.3 Product benchmarking
8.7.1.4 Strategic initiatives
8.7.2 Quidel Corporation
8.7.2.1 Company overview
8.7.2.2 Financial Performance
8.7.2.3 Product benchmarking
8.7.2.4 Strategic initiatives
8.7.3 Siemens Healthineers
8.7.3.1 Company overview
8.7.3.2 Financial performance
8.7.3.3 Product benchmarking
8.7.4 FHoffmann-La Roche Ltd.
8.7.4.1 Company overview
8.7.4.2 Financial performance
8.7.4.3 Product benchmarking
8.7.5 Danaher Corporation
8.7.5.1 Company overview
8.7.5.2 Financial Performance
8.7.5.3 Product benchmarking
8.7.5.4 Strategic initiatives
8.7.6 Biomérieux SA
8.7.6.1 Company overview
8.7.6.2 Financial Performance
8.7.6.3 Product benchmarking
8.7.7 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.
8.7.7.1 Company overview
8.7.7.1 Financial performance
8.7.7.2 Product benchmarking
8.7.8 Randox Laboratories Ltd.
8.7.8.1 Company overview
8.7.8.2 Product benchmarking
8.7.9 Creative Diagnostics
8.7.9.1 Company overview
8.7.9.2 Product benchmarking
8.7.10 Life Diagnostics
8.7.10.1 Company overview
8.7.10.2 Product benchmarking

List of Tables
Table 1 List of Secondary Sources
Table 2 List of Abbreviations
Table 3 Regulatory Framework
Table 4 Global Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Region, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 5 Global Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 6 Global Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 7 Global Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By End-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 8 North America Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Country, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 9 North America Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 10 North America Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 11 North America Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By End-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 12 U.S. Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 13 U.S. Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 14 U.S. Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By End-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 15 Canada Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 16 Canada Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 17 Canada Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By End-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 18 Europe Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Country, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 19 Europe Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 20 Europe Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 21 Europe Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By End-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 22 U.K. Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 23 U.K. Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 24 U.K. Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By End-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 25 Germany Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 26 Germany Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 27 Germany Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By End-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 28 France Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 29 France Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 30 France Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By End-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 31 Italy Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 32 Italy Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 33 Italy Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By End-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 34 Spain Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 35 Spain Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 36 Spain Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By End-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 37 Russia Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 38 Russia Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 39 Russia Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By End-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 40 Asia Pacific Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Country, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 41 Asia Pacific Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 42 Asia Pacific Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 43 Asia Pacific Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By End-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 44 Japan Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 45 Japan Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 46 Japan Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By End-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 47 China Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 48 China Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 49 China Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By End-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 50 India Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 51 India Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 52 India Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By End-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 53 Australia Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 54 Australia Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 55 Australia Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By End-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 56 South Korea Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 57 South Korea Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 58 South Korea Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By End-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 59 Australia Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 60 Australia Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 61 Australia Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By End-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 62 Singapore Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 63 Singapore Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 64 Singapore Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By End-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 65 Latin America Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Country, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 66 Latin America Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 67 Latin America Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 68 Latin America Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By End-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 69 Brazil Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 70 Brazil Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 71 Brazil Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By End-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 72 Mexico Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 73 Mexico Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 74 Mexico Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By End-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 75 Argentina Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 76 Argentina Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 77 Argentina Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By End-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 78 Middle East & Africa Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Country, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 79 Middle East & Africa Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 80 Middle East & Africa Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 81 Middle East & Africa Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By End-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 82 South Africa Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 83 South Africa Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 84 South Africa Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By End-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 85 Saudi Arabia Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 86 Saudi Arabia Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 87 Saudi Arabia Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By End-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 88 UAE Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Type, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 89 UAE Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By Application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 90 UAE Cardiac Biomarkers Market, By End-use, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)

List of Figures
Fig. 1 Cardiac biomarkers market segmentation
Fig. 2 Market research process
Fig. 3 Information procurement
Fig. 4 Primary research pattern
Fig. 5 Market research approaches
Fig. 6 Value-chain-based sizing & forecasting
Fig. 7 QFD modeling for market share assessment
Fig. 8 Market formulation & validation
Fig. 9 Market outlook (2021)
Fig. 10 Strategy framework
Fig. 11 Market driver relevance analysis (Current & future impact)
Fig. 12 Market restraint relevance analysis (Current & future impact)
Fig. 13 Penetration & growth prospect mapping
Fig. 14 Porter’s five forces analysis
Fig. 15 PESTLE analysis
Fig. 16 Cardiac biomarkers market: Type movement analysis
Fig. 17 Troponin market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 18 CK-MB market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 19 Myoglobin market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 20 BNP and NT-proBNP market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 21 Others market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 22 Cardiac biomarkers market: Application movement analysis
Fig. 23 Acute coronary syndrome market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 24 Myocardial infarction market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 25 Congestive heart failure market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 26 Others market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 27 Cardiac biomarkers Market: End-use movement analysis
Fig. 28 Laboratory testing market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 29 Point of care testing market, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 30 Regional marketplace: Key takeaways
Fig. 31 Regional outlook, 2021& 2030
Fig. 32 Regional market dashboard
Fig. 33 Regional market place: Key takeaways
Fig. 34 North America
Fig. 35 North America market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 36 U.S.
Fig. 37 U.S. market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 38 Canada
Fig. 39 Canada market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 40 Europe
Fig. 41 Europe market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 42 U.K.
Fig. 43 U.K. market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 44 Germany
Fig. 45 Germany market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 46 Spain
Fig. 47 Spain market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 48 France
Fig. 49 France market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 50 Italy
Fig. 51 Italy market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 52 Russia
Fig. 53 Russia market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 54 Asia Pacific
Fig. 55 Asia Pacific market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 56 Japan
Fig. 57 Japan market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 58 China
Fig. 59 China market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 60 India
Fig. 61 India market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 62 South Korea
Fig. 63 South Korea market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 64 Australia
Fig. 65 Australia market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 66 Australia
Fig. 67 Australia market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 68 Singapore
Fig. 69 Singapore market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 70 Latin America
Fig. 71 Latin America market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 72 Brazil
Fig. 73 Brazil market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 74 Mexico
Fig. 75 Mexico market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 76 Argentina
Fig. 77 Argentina market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 78 MEA
Fig. 79 MEA market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 80 South Africa
Fig. 81 South Africa market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 82 Saudi Arabia
Fig. 83 Saudi Arabia market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 84 UAE
Fig. 85 UAE market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Fig. 86 Strategy mapping