世界のリハビリテーション機器市場は、予測期間中に約6.65 %のCAGRで推移し、2022年から2026年の間に36億USドルの成長が見込まれています。本レポートは、総体的な分析、市場規模と予測、動向、成長推進要因、課題、および約25社のベンダーを対象とするベンダー分析を提供しています。
	本レポートは、現在の世界市場シナリオ、最新動向と成長推進要因、および全体的な市場環境に関する最新の分析を提供します。医療従事者の増加、老年人口の増加、怪我につながる身体的・医学的状態の蔓延などが市場を牽引しています。
	本調査では、今後数年間におけるリハビリテーション機器市場の成長を牽引する主な要因の一つとして、スポーツにおける携帯型理学療法機器の利用拡大が挙げられています。また、PHPへの嗜好の高まりと医療施設の進歩が、市場の大きな需要につながると考えられます。
TechNavio社の堅牢なベンダー分析は、クライアントが市場での地位を向上させるのに役立つように設計されており、これに沿って、主要なリハビリテーション機器市場ベンダーの詳細な分析を提供します
	この調査は、業界の主要な参加者からの情報を含む、一次情報と二次情報の客観的な組み合わせを使用して実施されました。本レポートには、主要ベンダーの分析に加えて、包括的な市場とベンダー情勢が含まれています。
	TechNavio社は、利益、価格設定、競争、プロモーションなどの主要なパラメーターの分析により、複数のソースからのデータの調査、統合、および集計により、市場の詳細な状況を提示します。また、業界の主要なインフルエンサーを特定することにより、さまざまな市場の側面を提示します。提示されたデータは、包括的で信頼性が高く、一次および二次の広範な調査の結果です。TechNavio社の市場調査レポートは、完全な競争環境と、質的および量的調査を使用して正確な市場成長を予測する詳細なベンダー選択の調査手法と分析を提供します。
								
						目次
						
	Table of Contents
	1 Executive Summary
	
	1.1 Market overview
	Exhibit 01: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
	Exhibit 02: Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
	Exhibit 03: Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
	Exhibit 04: Executive Summary - Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
	Exhibit 05: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by End-user
	Exhibit 06: Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
	Exhibit 07: Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
	Exhibit 08: Executive Summary - Chart on Vendor Market Positioning
	2 Market Landscape
	
	2.1 Market ecosystem
	Exhibit 09: Parent market
	Exhibit 10: Market Characteristics
	3 Market Sizing
	
	3.1 Market definition
	Exhibit 11: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition
	3.2 Market segment analysis
	Exhibit 12: Market segments
	3.3 Market size 2021
	3.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2021-2026
	Exhibit 13: Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibit 14: Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibit 15: Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibit 16: Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	4 Five Forces Analysis
	
	4.1 Five forces summary
	Exhibit 17: Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2021 and 2026
	4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
	Exhibit 18: Chart on Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2021 and 2026
	4.3 Bargaining power of suppliers
	Exhibit 19: Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
	4.4 Threat of new entrants
	Exhibit 20: Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
	4.5 Threat of substitutes
	Exhibit 21: Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
	4.6 Threat of rivalry
	Exhibit 22: Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
	4.7 Market condition
	Exhibit 23: Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2021 and 2026
	5 Market Segmentation by End-user
	
	5.1 Market segments
	Exhibit 24: Chart on End-user - Market share 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibit 25: Data Table on End-user - Market share 2021-2026 (%)
	5.2 Comparison by End-user
	Exhibit 26: Chart on Comparison by End-user
	Exhibit 27: Data Table on Comparison by End-user
	5.3 Hospitals and clinics - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
	Exhibit 28: Chart on Hospitals and clinics - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibit 29: Data Table on Hospitals and clinics - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibit 30: Chart on Hospitals and clinics - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibit 31: Data Table on Hospitals and clinics - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	5.4 Rehabilitation centers - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
	Exhibit 32: Chart on Rehabilitation centers - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibit 33: Data Table on Rehabilitation centers - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibit 34: Chart on Rehabilitation centers - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibit 35: Data Table on Rehabilitation centers - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	5.5 Home care - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
	Exhibit 36: Chart on Home care - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibit 37: Data Table on Home care - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibit 38: Chart on Home care - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibit 39: Data Table on Home care - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	5.6 Physiotherapy centers - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
	Exhibit 40: Chart on Physiotherapy centers - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibit 41: Data Table on Physiotherapy centers - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibit 42: Chart on Physiotherapy centers - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibit 43: Data Table on Physiotherapy centers - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	5.7 Market opportunity by End-user
	Exhibit 44: Market opportunity by End-user ($ million)
	6 Customer Landscape
	
	6.1 Customer landscape overview
	Exhibit 45: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
	7 Geographic Landscape
	
	7.1 Geographic segmentation
	Exhibit 46: Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibit 47: Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2021-2026 (%)
	7.2 Geographic comparison
	Exhibit 48: Chart on Geographic comparison
	Exhibit 49: Data Table on Geographic comparison
	7.3 North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
	Exhibit 50: Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibit 51: Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibit 52: Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibit 53: Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	7.4 Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
	Exhibit 54: Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibit 55: Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibit 56: Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibit 57: Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	7.5 Asia - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
	Exhibit 58: Chart on Asia - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibit 59: Data Table on Asia - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibit 60: Chart on Asia - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibit 61: Data Table on Asia - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	7.6 Rest of World (ROW) - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
	Exhibit 62: Chart on Rest of World (ROW) - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibit 63: Data Table on Rest of World (ROW) - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibit 64: Chart on Rest of World (ROW) - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibit 65: Data Table on Rest of World (ROW) - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	7.7 US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
	Exhibit 66: Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibit 67: Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibit 68: Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibit 69: Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	7.8 Germany - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
	Exhibit 70: Chart on Germany - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibit 71: Data Table on Germany - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibit 72: Chart on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibit 73: Data Table on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	7.9 China - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
	Exhibit 74: Chart on China - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibit 75: Data Table on China - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibit 76: Chart on China - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibit 77: Data Table on China - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	7.10 UK - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
	Exhibit 78: Chart on UK - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibit 79: Data Table on UK - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibit 80: Chart on UK - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibit 81: Data Table on UK - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	7.11 Canada - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
	Exhibit 82: Chart on Canada - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibit 83: Data Table on Canada - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibit 84: Chart on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibit 85: Data Table on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	7.12 Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape
	Exhibit 86: Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)
	8 Drivers, Challenges, and Trends
	
	8.1 Market drivers
	8.2 Market challenges
	8.3 Impact of drivers and challenges
	Exhibit 87: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2021 and 2026
	8.4 Market trends
	9 Vendor Landscape
	
	9.1 Overview
	9.2 Vendor landscape
	Exhibit 88: Overview on Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
	9.3 Landscape disruption
	Exhibit 89: Overview on factors of disruption
	9.4 Industry risks
	Exhibit 90: Impact of key risks on business
	10 Vendor Analysis
	
	10.1 Vendors covered
	Exhibit 91: Vendors covered
	10.2 Market positioning of vendors
	Exhibit 92: Matrix on vendor position and classification
	10.3 Alimed Inc.
	Exhibit 93: Alimed Inc. - Overview
	Exhibit 94: Alimed Inc. - Product / Service
	Exhibit 95: Alimed Inc. - Key offerings
	10.4 Arjo AB
	Exhibit 96: Arjo AB - Overview
	Exhibit 97: Arjo AB - Business segments
	Exhibit 98: Arjo AB - Key news
	Exhibit 99: Arjo AB - Key offerings
	Exhibit 100: Arjo AB - Segment focus
	10.5 Baxter International Inc.
	Exhibit 101: Baxter International Inc. - Overview
	Exhibit 102: Baxter International Inc. - Business segments
	Exhibit 103: Baxter International Inc. - Key news
	Exhibit 104: Baxter International Inc. - Key offerings
	Exhibit 105: Baxter International Inc. - Segment focus
	10.6 Colfax Corp.
	Exhibit 106: Colfax Corp. - Overview
	Exhibit 107: Colfax Corp. - Business segments
	Exhibit 108: Colfax Corp. - Key news
	Exhibit 109: Colfax Corp. - Key offerings
	Exhibit 110: Colfax Corp. - Segment focus
	10.7 Dynatronics Corp.
	Exhibit 111: Dynatronics Corp. - Overview
	Exhibit 112: Dynatronics Corp. - Business segments
	Exhibit 113: Dynatronics Corp. - Key offerings
	Exhibit 114: Dynatronics Corp. - Segment focus
	10.8 Hospital Equipment Manufacturing Co.
	Exhibit 115: Hospital Equipment Manufacturing Co. - Overview
	Exhibit 116: Hospital Equipment Manufacturing Co. - Product / Service
	Exhibit 117: Hospital Equipment Manufacturing Co. - Key offerings
	10.9 Invacare Corp.
	Exhibit 118: Invacare Corp. - Overview
	Exhibit 119: Invacare Corp. - Business segments
	Exhibit 120: Invacare Corp. - Key news
	Exhibit 121: Invacare Corp. - Key offerings
	Exhibit 122: Invacare Corp. - Segment focus
	10.10 Medline Industries LP
	Exhibit 123: Medline Industries LP - Overview
	Exhibit 124: Medline Industries LP - Product / Service
	Exhibit 125: Medline Industries LP - Key offerings
	10.11 Savaria Corp.
	Exhibit 126: Savaria Corp. - Overview
	Exhibit 127: Savaria Corp. - Business segments
	Exhibit 128: Savaria Corp. - Key offerings
	Exhibit 129: Savaria Corp. - Segment focus
	10.12 Trans Global Sports Ltd.
	Exhibit 130: Trans Global Sports Ltd. - Overview
	Exhibit 131: Trans Global Sports Ltd. - Product / Service
	Exhibit 132: Trans Global Sports Ltd. - Key offerings
	11 Appendix
	
	11.1 Scope of the report
	11.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist
	Exhibit 133: Inclusions checklist
	Exhibit 134: Exclusions checklist
	11.3 Currency conversion rates for US$
	Exhibit 135: Currency conversion rates for US$
	11.4 Research methodology
	Exhibit 136: Research methodology
	Exhibit 137: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
	Exhibit 138: Information sources
	11.5 List of abbreviations
	Exhibit 139: List of abbreviations
	Exhibits:
	
	Exhibits1: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
	Exhibits2: Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
	Exhibits3: Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
	Exhibits4: Executive Summary - Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
	Exhibits5: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by End-user
	Exhibits6: Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
	Exhibits7: Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
	Exhibits8: Executive Summary - Chart on Vendor Market Positioning
	Exhibits9: Parent market
	Exhibits10: Market Characteristics
	Exhibits11: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition
	Exhibits12: Market segments
	Exhibits13: Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibits14: Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibits15: Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits16: Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits17: Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2021 and 2026
	Exhibits18: Chart on Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2021 and 2026
	Exhibits19: Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
	Exhibits20: Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
	Exhibits21: Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
	Exhibits22: Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
	Exhibits23: Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2021 and 2026
	Exhibits24: Chart on End-user - Market share 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits25: Data Table on End-user - Market share 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits26: Chart on Comparison by End-user
	Exhibits27: Data Table on Comparison by End-user
	Exhibits28: Chart on Hospitals and clinics - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibits29: Data Table on Hospitals and clinics - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibits30: Chart on Hospitals and clinics - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits31: Data Table on Hospitals and clinics - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits32: Chart on Rehabilitation centers - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibits33: Data Table on Rehabilitation centers - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibits34: Chart on Rehabilitation centers - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits35: Data Table on Rehabilitation centers - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits36: Chart on Home care - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibits37: Data Table on Home care - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibits38: Chart on Home care - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits39: Data Table on Home care - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits40: Chart on Physiotherapy centers - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibits41: Data Table on Physiotherapy centers - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibits42: Chart on Physiotherapy centers - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits43: Data Table on Physiotherapy centers - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits44: Market opportunity by End-user ($ million)
	Exhibits45: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
	Exhibits46: Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits47: Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits48: Chart on Geographic comparison
	Exhibits49: Data Table on Geographic comparison
	Exhibits50: Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibits51: Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibits52: Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits53: Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits54: Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibits55: Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibits56: Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits57: Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits58: Chart on Asia - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibits59: Data Table on Asia - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibits60: Chart on Asia - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits61: Data Table on Asia - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits62: Chart on Rest of World (ROW) - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibits63: Data Table on Rest of World (ROW) - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibits64: Chart on Rest of World (ROW) - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits65: Data Table on Rest of World (ROW) - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits66: Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibits67: Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibits68: Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits69: Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits70: Chart on Germany - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibits71: Data Table on Germany - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibits72: Chart on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits73: Data Table on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits74: Chart on China - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibits75: Data Table on China - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibits76: Chart on China - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits77: Data Table on China - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits78: Chart on UK - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibits79: Data Table on UK - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibits80: Chart on UK - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits81: Data Table on UK - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits82: Chart on Canada - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibits83: Data Table on Canada - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
	Exhibits84: Chart on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits85: Data Table on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
	Exhibits86: Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)
	Exhibits87: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2021 and 2026
	Exhibits88: Overview on Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
	Exhibits89: Overview on factors of disruption
	Exhibits90: Impact of key risks on business
	Exhibits91: Vendors covered
	Exhibits92: Matrix on vendor position and classification
	Exhibits93: Alimed Inc. - Overview
	Exhibits94: Alimed Inc. - Product / Service
	Exhibits95: Alimed Inc. - Key offerings
	Exhibits96: Arjo AB - Overview
	Exhibits97: Arjo AB - Business segments
	Exhibits98: Arjo AB - Key news
	Exhibits99: Arjo AB - Key offerings
	Exhibits100: Arjo AB - Segment focus
	Exhibits101: Baxter International Inc. - Overview
	Exhibits102: Baxter International Inc. - Business segments
	Exhibits103: Baxter International Inc. - Key news
	Exhibits104: Baxter International Inc. - Key offerings
	Exhibits105: Baxter International Inc. - Segment focus
	Exhibits106: Colfax Corp. - Overview
	Exhibits107: Colfax Corp. - Business segments
	Exhibits108: Colfax Corp. - Key news
	Exhibits109: Colfax Corp. - Key offerings
	Exhibits110: Colfax Corp. - Segment focus
	Exhibits111: Dynatronics Corp. - Overview
	Exhibits112: Dynatronics Corp. - Business segments
	Exhibits113: Dynatronics Corp. - Key offerings
	Exhibits114: Dynatronics Corp. - Segment focus
	Exhibits115: Hospital Equipment Manufacturing Co. - Overview
	Exhibits116: Hospital Equipment Manufacturing Co. - Product / Service
	Exhibits117: Hospital Equipment Manufacturing Co. - Key offerings
	Exhibits118: Invacare Corp. - Overview
	Exhibits119: Invacare Corp. - Business segments
	Exhibits120: Invacare Corp. - Key news
	Exhibits121: Invacare Corp. - Key offerings
	Exhibits122: Invacare Corp. - Segment focus
	Exhibits123: Medline Industries LP - Overview
	Exhibits124: Medline Industries LP - Product / Service
	Exhibits125: Medline Industries LP - Key offerings
	Exhibits126: Savaria Corp. - Overview
	Exhibits127: Savaria Corp. - Business segments
	Exhibits128: Savaria Corp. - Key offerings
	Exhibits129: Savaria Corp. - Segment focus
	Exhibits130: Trans Global Sports Ltd. - Overview
	Exhibits131: Trans Global Sports Ltd. - Product / Service
	Exhibits132: Trans Global Sports Ltd. - Key offerings
	Exhibits133: Inclusions checklist
	Exhibits134: Exclusions checklist
	Exhibits135: Currency conversion rates for US$
	Exhibits136: Research methodology
	Exhibits137: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
	Exhibits138: Information sources
	Exhibits139: List of abbreviations